Moh Aijaz

This systemic study surveys the multifaceted nature of Astaxanthin (AXT), a member of carotenoid pigments broadly used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Starting with an insight into its biological origin, the review proceeds to detail the complex chemical structure of AXT followed by considerations on its bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and safety as a dietary supplement. Foremost among these is the biological activities of AXT, especially its strong antioxidant activity which plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress (OS) damage to cells. The description of AXT as an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory cytokine indicates its important role in cell protection and chronic inflammation improvement. Additional studies emphasize positive anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities that could be exploited as therapy for metabolic disease. The review goes on to describe the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of AXT, its role in cardiovascular protection, as well as hepatic health. The discussion of the anti-cancer activity of AXT is important, since it is related with its mechanisms for preventing and treating cancer. The broad perspective ends with an overview of the diverse biological activities of AXT, suggesting future research directions and its ability to be a multi-target ameliorator. Data compiled here aims to significantly help to improve knowledge on AXT, thus facilitating health and biomedical research progression.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a spectrum of complications that significantly heighten the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a major public health concern. This review article explores the multifaceted mechanisms linking diabetes to cardiovascular complications, particularly focusing on how chronic hyperglycemia leads to the development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The interplay of inflammation and oxidative stress emerges as a critical pathway in this relationship; chronic hyperglycemia generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to endothelial and smooth muscle cells, contributing to endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular health.

This paper explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in early tumor diagnosis, emphasizing its role in analyzing health records, medical images, biopsies, and blood tests for improved risk stratification. While screening programs have enhanced survival, challenges remain in patient selection and diagnostic workforces. The review covers diverse AI approaches, including logistic regression, deep learning, and neural networks, applied to various data types in oncology. It discusses the clinical implications, current models in practice, and potential limitations such as ethical concerns and resource demands. We provide an overview of the main artificial intelligence approaches, encompassing historical models like logistic regression, alongside deep learning and neural networks, emphasizing their applications in early diagnosis. We describe the role of AI in tumor detection, prognosis, and treatment administration, and we introduce the application of state-of-the-art large language models in oncology clinics. Our exploration extends to AI applications for omics data types, offering perspectives on their combination for decision-support tools. Concurrently, we evaluate existing constraints and challenges in applying artificial intelligence to precision oncology. The overall aim is to showcase AI's promise in revolutionizing tumor diagnosis while acknowledging and addressing associated challenges, thereby advancing patient care.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as versatile tools in biomedical research, offering a wide array of applications across diagnostics, therapeutics and regenerative medicine. This review provides an overview of the key roles and advancements in MNP research. MNPs serve as effective contrast agents in diagnostic imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), enabling enhanced visualization of anatomical structures and pathological changes. Additionally, functionalized MNPs facilitate targeted drug delivery, minimizing systemic side effects while maximizing therapeutic efficacy. In therapeutic applications, MNPs hold promise for hyperthermia cancer therapy and tissue regeneration by modulating cellular behavior and growth. Integration of MNPs with emerging technologies, such as microfluidics and artificial intelligence, enhances precision medicine approaches, enabling personalized diagnostics and treatments. Despite challenges in toxicity and scalability, ongoing research efforts promise to realize the transformative potential of MNPs in revolutionizing healthcare delivery and improving patient outcomes.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) impacts millions worldwide with both motor and non-motor symptoms. Traditional diagnostic methods often miss early signs, delaying treatment. However, recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offer new hope. AI can now aid in early detection, continuous monitoring, and tailored treatment of PD. Techniques like machine learning and deep learning can be examined through complex data to find early PD signs, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. AI-driven imaging can recognize subtle brain changes tied to PD, and wearable tech provides real-time updates on symptoms and disease progression. Predictive analytics help adjust treatments as needed, whereas AI-based plans improve effectiveness and reduce side effects. AI also accelerates drug discovery and finds new uses for existing drugs. Besides clinical benefits, AI tools like virtual assistants and chatbots improve patient engagement and self-care, and remote monitoring makes healthcare more accessible. AI also helps caregivers with practical insights and recommendations. Despite these advances, challenges such as data privacy, biases in algorithms, and transparency issues remain. Ensuring AI tools are accessible and affordable is crucial to prevent deteriorating health disparities. This review looks at how AI is shaping PD management, considering its technological, ethical, and social impacts to better patient outcomes.

Massive bone lesions present a significant surgical challenge and contribute to the socioeconomic burden while reducing quality of life. Studies worldwide support the effectiveness of bone tissue engineering scaffolds in addressing bone tissue defects. The primary objective of tissue engineering is to develop biological replacements for failing organs or tissues due to accidents, aging, or trauma. The scaffold is vital in tissue engineering, providing an inductive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, and growth. It acts as a bioactive bridge, creating a microenvironment that promotes tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering finds applications in various medical specialties such as cancer, orthopedics, gastro-intestinal, skin, dental, musculoskeletal, urology, spine, vascular, neurology, and cardiology. Differentiated or stem cells are seeded onto a biomaterial scaffold, cultivated in a bioreactor, and then implanted in a living organism. An ideal scaffold should exhibit bioactivity, mechanical strength, porosity, pore size, and, most importantly, biocompatibility. These characteristics are crucial for scaffold selection and construction techniques. A combination of diverse biomaterials and appropriate scaffolding techniques is necessary to achieve these desirable characteristics, tailored to the specific medical and clinical requirements. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the specific types of scaffolds needed for bone healing, repair, or regeneration, along with the suitable biomaterials and scaffolding techniques involved. It offers detailed insights into selecting scaffolds that facilitate the healing process and discusses the various …

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a complex and challenging neurodegenerative disorder, necessitating comprehensive treatment approaches to address its multifaceted pathophysiology. In recent years, plant-based therapies have emerged as a promising avenue for PD management, owing to their neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Preclinical studies have provided valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of action, further supporting the potential benefits of these therapies. Limited clinical trials have shown encouraging results, revealing improvements in motor function and quality of life for PD patients. However, several challenges remain to be addressed to fully harness plant-based therapies' potential. Standardization of formulations, a deeper understanding of their mechanisms of action, and the need for rigorous clinical trials are critical areas for future exploration. Integrating plant-based therapies with conventional treatments offers a holistic approach to PD management, potentially yielding synergistic benefits. Promising advancements in phytochemical analysis and personalized medicine hold the potential for optimizing treatment outcomes by identifying patient-specific responses to these therapies. Addressing global health disparities and ensuring equitable access to plant-based treatments are imperative to enhance their reach and impact. In this review paper, we explore the current status of plant-based therapies in PD management, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, and challenges. We discuss the potential benefits of integrating these therapies with conventional treatments and focus on the importance of continued research and collaboration to unlock the full potential of plant-based treatments in improving the lives of individuals living with PD.

There are many proven beneficial pharmacological effects of polyphenols, and these compounds have been tremendously studied for their role in the human body. Daily intake of polyphenols has shown beneficial effects on the immune system. Polyphenols are the natural compounds present in plants as secondary metabolites. Caffeic acid (CA) is the major one among other compounds of hydroxycinnamic acid, which plays an important role as an antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, etc. It is found in most herbal plants. CA produces its pharmacological effect by altering the activity of various key enzymes. It reduces the blood glucose level by inhibiting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase in type-2 diabetes. It shows anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting various transcript factors. The small part of the esterified form of CA is absorbed in the stomach, and the rest of the part is the breakdown in its free form by the microbial esterases in the colon. It enters intestinal cells via active transport mediated by MCT. The maximum plasma concentration is seen after one hour of food ingestion. Methylation, sulphation, and glucuronidation take place after absorption and are excreted primarily through urine. The purpose of this review is to enhance researchers' knowledge to conduct more studies to reveal and optimize CA's biological and pharmacological properties. Based on its pharmacological activity, this compound can be used as a natural safeguard to replace synthetic antibiotics and other synthetic medicine to reduce the medicinal cost and side effects.

Nature-derived products have been serving humanity from ancient times in many aspects such as food (honey & wax products from bees), textiles (silk from silkworms), and various kinds of pollination in flowering plants. Undoubtedly, people cannot forget their benefits to our daily life, except above benefits insects have a great potential in the form of folklore medicines. LBE is a resinous secretion of a scale insect commonly known as Lac Insect (L. lacca) as a protective coating on the outer surface of many kinds of trees, including Ber (Ziziphus marutiana), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Palas (Butea monosperma syn. frondosa). The review highlights the coverage of natural product chemistry and ethnomedicinal and commercial perspectives on natural products obtained from LBE because of recent literature exploration.